Final+Review

=FINAL REVIEW WILL BE WEDNESDAY NIGHT IN 202 DEBARTALO STARTING AT 7:15!=

On this page we can post questions about subjects we still don't understand or need clarification on, as well as anything else we think is useful for designing or preparing for the final...

=Overview of Philosophers=

Hobbes
__1. human nature:__ a. not social beings (like Rousseau) b. hairy smelly caveman image: egoists. will kill anyone and anything that keep them from satisfying personal desires __2. state of nature:__ a. is a state of war because of 3 factors: Competition, Diffidence, and Glory b. why do they choose to leave the state of nature and give rights to a sovereign power? think prisoner's dilemma. - social order is benefit you get if you cooperate. __3. Society__ a. Men enter into society to seek protection from violence and from the natural State of War b. Give up some of their rights to a soveriegn = "social contract"

Locke
__1. human nature:__ a. all humans are equal b/c they are all created by God b. regular run-of-the-mill dude: c. laws of nature (like having a right to your own body) d. man enters in to society to protect property and have impartial judge

Rousseau
__1. human nature:__ a. not social beings (like Hobbes). like animals, except are free agents. b. Adam and Eve image: like to chillax all day. timid and peaceful. don't think about the future. c. amoral, primitive reasoning capacity __2. history:__ a. occurs in stages, not progressive b. men enter in to society because it's a natural progression...first men learn language etc. c. Rousseau says that the first man to enclose a parcel of property and declare it his=founder of modern civil society d. From society breeds all sorts of human corruption __3. sovereignty:__ a. protects individual human freedom, and provides other securities b. True sovereignty always directed at the general will, or public good __4. misc. terms:__ a. the general will (both individual and collective): must remain abstract b/c is not the sum of individual wills. b. social contract

Mill
- Liberty: political (from oppression of rulers over citizens) and social (from oppression of citizens over each other). - Tyranny of the Majority: prevailing opinion. -To combat the tyrrany of the majority, Mill argues that votes should be weighted according to level of education, grasp of the political process, who has more to gain/beneft from the political process - Utilitarianism: (does not explain this concept, but is a major influence in his thinking) - Freedom of thought AND freedom of expression: much more freedom is given to thought because, unlike actions, it is less likely to harm others. - Dead dogma vs. living truth: don't just understand and defend your beliefs- you have to know opposing beliefs and refute their counterarguments so that your truths are living truths. - Individuality and diversity is preferred - Allowing for originality leads to the gradual development of the entire community. -Argued for not just freedom of though and speech but also for freedom of action. Without freedom of action, nothing is really free (i.e. you cannot put your thoughts in to action) -Judged political regimes by the extent to which they allowed for free speech/individuality
 * Wrote "On Liberty," which deals with the often complex relationship that exists between modern society and individuality. He asks questions such as what limits can society actually legitimately place on the individual.**

Wollstonecraft
- reason: God's gift to men AND women - same sex education beginning from infancy - women must practice strength of mind and body - is not for radical feminism, just wants equality - 2 main virtues: freedom of thought + devotion to family - friendship in marriage as an expression of equality - virtue and reason are the characteristics that set humans apart and thus should be emphasized in education for women
 * - Believed in same sex education. Education, for Wollstonecraft, was the key to an equal society. This would not only elevate the role of women in society, but also benefit society itself. Women would be more capable not only professional, but also personally, as a wife and a mother. Children, husbands, society in general would all stand to gain from social equality between the sexes.**

Kant
-Enlightenment is "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage"--man cannot be truly enlightened until he does not depend on society for his ideas. -History is progressive--increasing freedom will develop society over time; therefore, there will eventually be an end to history. Societies can move forwards and backwards in a scale of freedom and knowledge as time passes.

Hegel
- significance of ideas + concepts - takes a progressive view of history--it is moving towards a particular end; reason is the force that moves it along - 4 causes of reason (history can be defined in terms of the 4 Aristotelian causes): -final (reason is the purpose of history--the rational end of history is the point at which we achieve freedom) -efficient (the things that bring about the end state--ideas and actions of humans -material cause (the shape of the cause--the state and its institutions) -formal (the rule of law and the rule of men--laws regulate human activity so that we can predict human activity) - Hegel identifies 3 types of history: -Original (history that is written firsthand by those that observe it) -Reflective -Universal (to gain an overall view of the history of a people or country) -Pragmatical (this history aims at applying the lessons learned from studying history to the present) -Critical (investigation into the truth and credibility of established historical narratives--a "history of history") -Philosophical (the thoughtful consideration of history)


 * believes that history is progressive and that, in fact, human society has reached the final stage of theoretical development, liberal democracy.**

Marx
__1. history:__ a. is progressive, different stages b. mode: dialectic materialism c. end/"beginning" of history is communism (elimination of division of labor and private property) __2. society:__ a. division of labor b. ruling classes own ideology + means of production __3. misc:__ a. capital


 * Ultimate communist revolution will occur after the process of globalization has be completed. Once capitalism has spread throughout the entire would and the possibility of eliminating scarcity exists, Marx believes that a revolution of some kind, one led by a vanguard of intellectuals, will take place and communism will take hold.**